Twenty point

Twenty point

Nebular Disk Hypothesis is a wrong explanation.

Snow Line

As per the currently accepted theory, it is believed that when giant space clouds in the outer space flattened and spun due to gravitational force, Sun was formed in the bulky center of the cloud and the other planets were formed when particles of dust and gases in the flatter areas around the Sun began to stick together to form clumps.

Specifically, it is believed that since the temperature near the Sun was intense, the gases and dust found there was only minimal and these gases and dust gradually clumped together and led to the formation of smaller rocky planets in the long run like the earth and the mars. 

Moreover, it is also believed that very high temperature prevailed near the Sun and volatile gases like hydrogen, sodium, chlorine and methane present in that region were pushed far away from the Sun by the solar radiation. 

Later, it is believed that light gases like these gathered on the periphery of the Solar System and this led to the formation of giant gaseous planets like the Jupiter. 

The region between the rocky planets and the gaseous planets is described as Snow Line. 

This is because, it is in this area that the volatile gases attain a frozen state due to low temperature.

Also, the region beyond Pluto is described as the freezing area for gases like methane and ammonia. 

It is believed that comets are formed only in this region. 

But, it is known that this is a wrong theory by the presence of volatile gases and chemicals in the planets. 

For example, many explanations are offered for the space rocks called asteroids revolving around the Sun between mars and Jupiter. 

Some believe that they may be the remnants of a planet which failed to form and it is believed that the gravitational force of Jupiter might be the reason for the failure of that planet to take form.

Others believe that these asteroids might have emerged from the collision between planets. 

At this juncture, a dwarf planet, with a circumference of 950 kilo meters, is also revolving between these asteroids. 
This dwarf planet has been named as Ceres. 

A study conducted from earth in the year 1990 observed the presence of water vapour in this dwarf planet. 

The studies conducted subsequently observed the presence of atmosphere at certain times, and it was absent at other times. 

Based on this finding, it was believed that this dwarf planet might have a temporary and transient atmosphere.

Particularly when the comets come closer to the Sun, their head area become large due to the vaporization of the volatile materials in them. 

Later, when the comets move away from the Sun, they return to their normal state. 
Similarly, the same was expected to happen in the case of the dwarf planet Ceres also.

At this point, Michaela Villarreal of the University of California studied the periods when atmosphere formed in this dwarf planet. 

It was found out that there was no association between the periods when atmosphere formed in that dwarf planet and the periods of its proximity to the Sun. 

But, it was observed that there was a link between the periods when atmosphere formed in that dwarf planet and the periods of intense Solar radiation. 

In a subsequent study conducted through satellite, it was found that atmosphere was formed when the high-energized particles from the Sun came into contact with the ice on the surface of the dwarf planet and this ice got energized and vaporized. 

Michaela Villarreal states that it has been found out that later, when this water vapor dispersed in the space, a transient atmosphere which lasts only for a week or two is formed. 

White deposits were detected in a large round shaped pit found in the crater of the dwarf planet Ceres. In the beginning, they were considered to be deposits of ice. 

At this point, NASA, by sending a satellite to the dwarf planet, conducted a study through infrared spectrometer and other instruments with higher resolution and the white deposits were found to be salt deposits. 

Particularly, astrophysicist Maria Christina De Sanctis of Rome, who studied the spectrometer concerning these deposits, stated that they were sodium carbonate salts found in the hot spring areas of the earth. 

Based on this finding, she also observed that hot conditions prevail under the dwarf planet and along with it, ammonium-mixed clay is also found there.

According to the Nebular Disk Hypothesis, it is believed that all the volatile gases, especially methane and ammonium could possibly exist only at the edge of the Solar System, particularly in the cooler parts where Neptune is located. 

Hence, Mikhail Solodov of Arizona University and Chris Russel of California University believe that the dwarf planet, Ceres, after forming in the parts where Neptune is situated, might have reached the current location, due to collisions among the planets. 

Otherwise, these scientists also believe that after the dwarf planet Ceres was formed in its current location, ammonia might have entered it through the comets which collided with Ceres from the edge of the Solar System. 

However, Dr. Michael Hubner of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology announced that on the basis of a study conducted on the infrared spectrometer, he had discovered the presence of ammonia in the air to the extent of thirty-three times in a trillion, in the earth's troposphere layer. 

But, according to the Nebular Disk Hypothesis, there is absolutely no possibility of the presence of ammonia on the earth, hence, the scientists are puzzled about how ammonia came to the earth. 
This is because, it is believed that earth was a molten rocky planet at the time of its formation. 

In the presence of intense heat, all the volatile gases like ammonia, methane etc. would vaporize and disperse from the earth.

So, the scientists are puzzled about how ammonia entered the earth. 

However, it is noteworthy that ammonia is present not only in the earth, but also in all the nine planets viz. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto etc.

Moreover, the atmosphere of the earth comprises of three-fourths of nitrogen and one-fourth of oxygen and other gases. 

Under these circumstances, Prof. Sandra Pizarello of the University of Arizona has stated that nitrogen might have entered the earth through the comets. 

Since nitrogen and carbon etc. are molecules of life, they have been responsible for the emergence of life on earth. 

After the emergence of life, it is considered that methane was formed from the dead plants and animals. 

At this point, the presence of methane in Mars came to light by a study conducted through Curiosity Rover.

So, the scientists are wondering how methane came into Mars and whether living organisms were responsible for the same.

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Was Mars formed by the condensation of dust and gases?

A satellite study showed that due to Solar radiation, elements like sodium, calcium and magnesium are being released from Mercury, a planet very close to the Sun. 
Similarly, the satellite study found out the release of gases from Venus also due to Solar radiation .

The satellite study also discovered that sodium is being released from moon due to Solar radiation.

This satellite study also found out the release of oxygen from the earth due to Solar radiation.

At this juncture, the satellite study has discovered that, Mars which is located next to the earth is also releasing gases like carbon, oxygen and hydrogen due to Solar radiation. 

The US launched a satellite called Maven to conduct research, particularly on the Mars. 

The time when this satellite reached Mars, a comet called Siding Spring went past Mars which was incredibly close. 

This caused the dust particles in its tail to fall on the surface of the atmosphere of Mars.

Following this, when the atmosphere of Mars was studied through a satellite, it was found that sodium, magnesium, iron, potassium, manganese, nickel, chromium and zinc were present on the comet. 
Release of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen from Mars was also detected due to Solar radiation . 

This discovery challenges the hypothesis that once upon a time an giant molecular cloud made of dust and gases was spinning around the Sun for millions of years and later due to condensation of the dust and gases present there, planets like Mercury, Venus and Earth were formed near the Sun. 

This is because, minerals like sodium, magnesium, iron, potassium, manganese, nickel, chromium and zinc present on the comet, which came near Mars, are found on the earth also. 

Hence, a question arises as to how earth could have formed from the dust near the Sun with the same mineral content mentioned above, when these minerals had vaporized due to sun’s heat near Mars, a planet which is far away from the Sun. 

When the mineral gases present in the comet that went past Mars, which was quite far from the Sun, had vaporized due to the Sun’s rays, it is impossible that the same gases had not vaporized in a place which was much closer to the Sun. 

Hence, earth could not have formed near the Sun with these gases present in it.

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The Mystery of Methane

NASA’s senior research scientist, Glenn Orton, has discovered that methane is being released from the south polar region of Neptune, the eighth and the last planet of the Solar System. 

Glenn Orton has stated that this was known when scanning through a telescope from Chile, a country in South America. 

He has also elaborated the reason for this phenomenon.

The most distant major planet from the Sun, Neptune, is thirty times earth’s distance from the Sun. 

So, the sunlight received by Neptune is just one tenth of one percent of the sunlight that the earth receives from the Sun. 

As a result, the average temperature of Neptune is minus two hundred degrees. 
However, like the earth, Neptune is also orbiting the Sun it its axis in an inclined position.

That is, the earth is revolving around the Sun once in three hundred and sixty-five days. 

Hence, the south polar regions of the earth face the Sun only for a few months. During this time, earth’s northern region will have summer. After this period, the north polar region of the earth will face the Sun. 

But, Neptune takes one hundred and sixty-five years to complete one rotation around the Sun. 

At present, the south polar region of Neptune is facing the Sun. 

Also, the south polar region of Neptune will continue to face the Sun for another forty years to come, after which, the north polar region of Neptune will face the Sun continuously for forty years. 

Since the south polar region of Neptune continues to face the Sun for many years like this, the temperature in the south polar region of Neptune is ten degrees more than that is found in the other regions of Neptune. 

Glenn Orton explains that as a result of this, methane, which is found in a frozen state in the atmosphere of Neptune’s south polar region, is converted to gas. This gas is released from Neptune’s atmosphere and dispersed in the outer space. 

This discovery challenges the hypothesis that once upon a time a giant molecular cloud made of dust and gases was spinning around the Sun for millions of years and later due to condensation of the dust and gases present there, giant gaseous planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus etc., including Neptune, were formed.

The reason is, methane gas is present in Uranus also which is even nearer than Neptune. 

Similarly, methane gas is present in Titan also, which is a sub-planet of Saturn. 

So, a question arises as to whether methane gas was present around the Sun for millions of years.

Particularly, how earth formed very close to the Sun with the presence of methane is a question to be answered.

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Nebular Disk Hypothesis is a wrong explanation.

Nebular Disk Hypothesis that explains the evolution of the Solar System has come to be proved as a wrong explanation.

It was believed that once upon a time a giant cloud in the space suddenly cooled, condensed and rotated and its massive central part condensed to form the Sun. 

It was believed that later, the dust and gases, spinning around the Sun for millions of years, condensed here and there and planets were formed.

This theory is called the Nebular Disk Hypothesis. 

according to this theory,all the volatile gases, including the water molecules present near the Sun, moved away from the Sun due to the emission of intense heat from the Sun.

But, it is believed that other minerals and metals like iron, which were found is a lesser quantity near the Sun, cooled and in the long run, minor rocky planets like Mercury, Venus, earth and Mars were formed.this kind of rocky planet formation is called as accretion method. 

However, it is believed that giant planets were first formed a rocky core,in a short period due to the condensation of the materials found in a massive scale in the cooler regions far away from the Sun,by accretion method. 

after that,the rocky core attract huge volume of gases and then formed as the giant planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

But, it has come to light by the studies conducted in the recent times, that the Nebular Disk Hypothesis is wrong. 

Particularly, it has been discovered by a satellite study that there is emission of gases like hydrogen, oxygen, sodium etc. from Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars due to Solar radiation. 

So, doubt is raised as to how could planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars form near the Sun, with the presence of volatile gases like hydrogen,nitrogen, oxygen, sodium etc.

Most importantly, large amount of nitrogen, that is, seventy eight percent, is found only in the atmosphere of the earth which is closer to the Sun. 

Interestingly, a recent satellite study has discovered the emission of nitrogenous gas due to solar radiation from a distant planet Pluto, a planet which, compared to the earth, is forty times away from the Sun. 

So, questions have been raised regarding the possibility of the formation of earth with a huge volume of nitrogen closer to the Sun. 

some scientist believe that the nitrogen of the earth atmosphere was supplied by comets which is believed to be formed in the outer region of the solar system. 

Similarly, the satellite study has also discovered the emission of sodium from the moon due to solar radiation.

The satellite study has also discovered the emission of sodium due to solar radiation from Mercury, a planet very close to the Sun and also from the moon. 

Hence, it is puzzling that how it was possible for Mercury to form near the Sun with sodium in it. 

Likewise, the satellite study has also discovered the emission of water and carbon dioxide due to solar radiation from the comets which approach the Sun, particularly when they reach the distance where Mars is located. 

So, it is a mystery how planets such as Mercury, Venus, earth, Mars etc. with a lot of gases like hydrogen, oxygen and sodium could form near the Sun and this puzzle needs to be solved.

With such emissions caused by solar radiation in the distant planets, it is impossible for any planet to form near the Sun.

Hence, the theory, that once upon a time dust and gases were spinning around the Sun and these dust and gases condensed here and there and planets were formed, has been proved to be wrong.

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Explanation for the elliptical orbit of the planets

Why is the plane orbited by the planets around the Sun inclined or tilted? During the period of Aristotle, it was believed that all celestial bodies moved in a circular orbit, having the earth at the centre which was called the Geocentric Model. But, Nicolaus Copernicus, a scientist, asserted that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved and all the planets, including the earth, revolved around the Sun in a circular orbit. During this period, a researcher called Tycho Brahe of Denmark recorded the movement of planets every night on the basis of the background stars. Unfortunately he died before he could complete his research. therefore the documents kept by the Tycho Brahe, now came under the custody of the Johannes Kepler who was the assistant of Tycho Brahe. based on the analysis of the documents, Kepler discovered that all the planets moved around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. Specifically, he discovered that the Sun was located in a corner of this elliptical orbit. Moreover, Kepler also found out that the movement of the planets was slow when they were away from the Sun. Similarly, Kepler also discovered that the speed of the planets increased when they moved closer to the Sun. But, Kepler was not aware why the planets were orbiting the Sun in such a manner. Particularly, Aristotle had stated that heavy objects fall quickly and lighter objects fall slowly. However, by rolling two balls made in light and heavy wood in an inclined wooden plane, Galileo proved that all objects fall at the same speed by pointing to both the balls reaching the ground at the same time. But he did not give any thought to why objects fall. At this point, Sir Isaac Newton was studying the comets. He discovered a comet going behind the Sun. He also noticed the same comet rising from behind the Sun. On the basis of this fact, he found out that the Sun had gravitational force. He also discovered that the comets are moving around the Sun because the gravitational pull of the Sun bends their path. Now, a question arose as to why the planets were moving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. Newton answered this question by explaining that the affected gravitational force of other planets was the reason for this movement. My explanation. The positions of the planets change every day. Hence, given that the path of the planetary orbit changes to an elliptical path due to the influence of the gravitational force of other planets, this elliptical path of the planets should change frequently. But, all the planets are orbiting the Sun in a similar elliptical path. So, the explanation offered by Newton for the elliptical path of the planets is wrong. At this juncture, it was discovered that the elliptical path of Mercury had extended beyond the expectation. Hence, a question arose as to why the elliptical orbit of Mercury was highly extended ? Newton could not answer this question. Also, the point of Mercury’s proximity to the Sun also shifted slightly with every rotation. This means that the elliptical path of Mercury itself revolves slowly around the Sun like the petals of a flower. Newton could not offer an explanation for the question, why the point of Mercury’s proximity to the Sun is shifting slightly with every revolution? The wrong explanation of Einstein. At this point, Albert Einstein had offered a wrong explanation for this puzzle. Importantly, contrary to Newton’s theory, Einstein stated that gravitation was not a force at all. Moreover, Einstein stated that the space near the Sun is bent due to the gravity of the Sun and as a result, a large pit is formed near the Sun. As all the planets travel inside that pit, the path of the planets are turned into a curved path. But, presently the scientists have discovered more than a thousand alien planets on the basis of measuring the movement caused by the planets in their stars. Hence, it has been proved with evidence that gravitation is a force as stated by Sir Isaac Newton. It has also been proved with evidence that the explanation offered by Einstein for the movement of planets was totally wrong. Now, a question arises as to why the planets are revolving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit? To be specific, the Sun is travelling in space at a speed of 230 kilometers per second (828,000 km/h). The plane in which the Sun is travelling in space in this manner is called “Galactic Plane”. The planets orbit the Sun travelling at such a speed in the galactic plane, at an angle of 62 degree. The angle at which the planets orbit the Sun in this way is called “Ecliptic plane”.But, all the planets do not orbit the Sun in the same angle. On the contrary, the planets orbit the Sun in different angles. For example, the orbital plane of Mercury, which is closer to the Sun, is inclined at 7 degree angle from this common plane. Similarly, the dwarf planet Pluto, which orbits the Sun at a long distance in a very large orbital path, is inclined at 17 degree angle from this common plane. In a similar way, the orbital planes of all other planets are also away from this common plane. Similar to the minor deviation caused in the point of approaching the Sun by Mercury, the point of approaching the Sun by other planets also shifts a little with every revolution. This means that the elliptical paths of all the planets revolve slowly around the Sun like the petals of a flower. A question arises as to why the orbital plane of the planets is inclined in this way with respect to the plane travelled by the Sun. Similarly, it is also a matter of question as to why the point of approaching the Sun by the planets shifts a little with every revolution. My Expalnation. Inclination or tilt is caused in the orbital plane of the planets due to the Sun travelling in the Galactic Plane at a speed of two hundred and thirty kilometers per second. This means that when a planet approaching the Sun deviates from it, the Sun deviates from its original location and moves far away. As a result, the path of the planets tilts when the planet which deviates from the Sun moves towards the Sun’s new location. Hence, the point of approaching the Sun by the planets shifts a little when the planets move towards the Sun’s new location in this way.

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Reason for the Exoplanet Tilt

The orbital path of the newly discovered exoplanets (alien planets) has greatly puzzled the scientists.
Beginning from the period of Aristotle, it was strongly believed that exoplanets could exist in the outer space, just like the Solar System, and continuous searches were being conducted to locate them.
When the scientists were looking into the space to find an answer to the question as to how planets were formed, they stumbled upon the massive rotation of dust and gases around many stars in the space. 
On the basis of this finding, it was strongly believed that when the giant space clouds had shrunk, flattened and rotated, the massive core area could have become the Sun and the dust and gases moving around it might have clustered here and there in due course and led to the formation of other planets.
As per this theory, it was also believed that since the dust and gases close to the Sun would evaporate due to its heat, all the planets in question would have formed at a certain distance from the Sun.
In the year 1992, Aleksander Wolszczan of Poland discovered an exoplanet.
But, the scientific world refused to accept his discovery.
This was because, the planet discovered by Wolszczan was a star which was capable of emitting radiation that was several times hotter than that of the Sun. 
Moreover, this planet was closely orbiting the super hot star.
Hence, questions were raised like how could a planet form so close to a hottest star? More importantly, how could that planet orbit the star in question under such an intense heat, without getting evaporated? 
This question was answered by a scientist, Dr. Marc Kuchner, that the planets closely orbiting the hottest star could be carbon planets which were formed by diamond crust several kilometres deep in their interiors. 
However, it gave rise to a question, how could diamond form in the void of the outer space?
At this point, scientists discovered many stars evaporating the gases that surround their neighbouring stars.
In addition, the British scientists discovered a moon sized diamond crystal, at the core of a dead star.
On the basis of this finding, I came to the conclusion that the planets are formed only at the core of the evaporated stars.
Particularly, I had theorized that when the hottest stars attract the stars that are in a burnt down state and evaporate the gaseous atmosphere surrounding them, the diamond crystal at the core of these evaporated stars revolve around the hottest stars as diamond planets. 
On the basis of this theory, I had stated that presently all the planets including the earth, that orbit the Sun and all the natural satellites that orbit these planets are those which orbit the Sun as planets and satellites after being formed at the core of an evaporated star and after the gases in their atmosphere got scattered in the space when they were attracted by the gravitational force of the Sun. 
At this point, the newly discovered exoplanets were completely contrary to the expectations of the scientists. This was because, the scientists believed in the Dust Disk Theory.
Particularly, as per this theory, when the giant clouds in the space shrank, flattened and rotated, the massive core area could have become the Sun and the dust and gases moving around it might have clustered here and there in due course and led to the formation of other planets.
As per this belief, the scientists expected the planets to revolve parallel to the axis in which the Sun, the central body, was rotating and also orbit it in the same direction.
But, many exoplanets behaved completely contrary to the expectations of the scientists. The puzzled scientists were unable to offer an explanation for the revolution pattern of these exoplanets. 
For example, in our Solar System, Venus is rotating from east to west which is just opposite to the rotation of Sun . 
This means that unlike the other planets, including the earth, Venus rotates from east to west. 
Collision of another planet with Venus long time ago is cited as the reason for the reversal of the spin direction of this planet in relation to the spin direction of the Sun. 
However, my opinion is, Venus is a planet captured by the Sun and it can spin in any direction. 
For example, when a boy, who had fallen into a well, is lifted with the help of a rope, he may come up spinning to his right side or left side. Similarly, any planet that is captured by the Sun may follow the Sun by spinning in any direction. 
Particularly, according to the Dust Disk Theory, as it is believed that all the planets and the sub planets of the Solar System were formed as a single system and from the beginning remained with the Sun, the Solar system is called as Solar Family and Solar Setting.
But, according to my theory, all the planets and the sub planets of the Solar System captured by the Sun due to the gravity of the Sun at different points of time. 
So, my theory may be called as joined or collected planetary system. 
Particularly, during the Sun’s travel, these planets were captured by the Sun when they came closer to it. Hence, it is not necessary that they should synchronize with the rotation of the Sun when they spin and orbit. 

Similarly, as per the Dust Disk Theory, the scientists expected all the planets to orbit in a plane which is parallel to the rotational axis of the Sun.
But, contrary to the expectations of the scientists, all the planets that orbiting the Sun is revolving the sun at different angles from the angle of the rotational axis of the Sun. 
For example, Mercury, a planet very close to the Sun, is orbiting the Sun in a plane with a seven-degree inclination from the plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun. 
In the same way, Pluto, the farthest planet from the Sun, is orbiting the Sun in a plane with a seventeen-degree inclination from the plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun.
few researchers believe that the rotational axis of the sun did not inclined,but the orbiting plane of the planets are inclined
The researchers explain that the gravitation force of a planet which is revolving around the Sun from outside the Solar System and weighing ten times more than the earth, is the reason for the planets orbiting the Sun from an inclined plane. 
However, the said planet has not been discovered till date. 
At this point, the rotation and the orbital path of the newly discovered exoplanets were also found to be quite contrary to the expectations of the scientists.
For example, in the year 1995, the scientists were shocked when they saw for the first time, an exoplanet which was orbiting a star much similar to our Sun through their telescope. 
The reason for this is, the said planet which was called 51-b Pegasi, was orbiting its star in a galloping speed of once in four days, i.e., at eight times lesser distance than the distance from which Mercury orbits the Sun. 
The said exoplanet was inferred to be similar in size to that of Jupiter which belonged to our Solar System and was very hot due to its proximity to its star.
So, this planet was known as “Hot Jupiter”.
Later,many hot Jupiters were found to be orbiting a number of similar stars. 
As per the theory of Dust Disk, there is no possibility of dust and gases present near a star, which could gather to form a planet.
Hence, it was suggested that hot jupiters which formed at a great distance from its star might have migrated near it. This theory was also called Migration Theory. 
A question arose as to why do planets migrate in this way.
As an answer to this question, it was believed that when the dust and gases surrounding a star rotated and formed a planet, the hot jupiters migrated towards its star due to the speed of rotation and contraction of the disk of dust. 
According to this theory, the hot jupiters must be orbiting the central star, parallel to its rotational axis. 
Under these circumstances, a massive planet weighing ten times as much as Jupiter had been discovered revolving once in three-and-a-half days around a star that was located at a distance of 568 light years from the earth. 
This planet, named as xo-3 b, had been found to be revolving around its star at an angle of 37 degrees to the orbital axis of its star. 
The scientists were unable to explain this in terms of the hot jupiters migration theory. 
Similarly, a huge planet weighing one-and-a-half times as much as Jupiter had been discovered revolving once in two days around a star that was located at a distance of a thousand light years from the earth.
This planet, named as HAT-P-7, had been found to be revolving around its star at an angle of 180 degrees to the orbital axis of its star.
In another study, the same planet had been found to be revolving around its star at an angle of 86 degrees to the orbital axis of its star.
This means that, planet HAT-P-7 was found to be revolving around it star from pole to pole, which was quite contrary to the disk of dust theory. 
It was suggested that the reason for the planets to orbit their stars in different angles was that, another planet might have collided with them and ejected them into an tolted orbital path.
Under these circumstances, the scientists are puzzled over the finding that many exoplanets are orbiting their stars in an angle quite different from the rotational axis of those stars. 
Till date, our Solar System had been considered as the main model and the rest of the exoplanet families were just rare phenomena. 
At this stage, many exoplanets discovered so far have been found to be orbiting their star at an angle quite different from the rotational axis of those stars. 
Hence, the scientists opine that now the other exoplanets have become the general model and our Solar System has become an exceptional model.
But, according to my captured planets theory, it is a possible occurrence that planets like Jupiter orbiting very close to the central star and similarly hot jupiters orbiting at a different angle from the orbital axis of the central star. 
This is because, as per my theory, all the planets of the Solar System have been captured by the Sun. 
This boils down to the fact that the Sun had attracted only those evaporated stars which were moving closer to the path in which the Sun was travelling. 
Hence, it is possible that the planets may be attracted from any direction.

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Newton explanation is wrong.

Newton has said that the elliptical orbits of the planets are caused by the gravity of the other planets.
But the positions of the planets are frequently changed.
Therefore, if the elliptical orbit of a planet is caused by the gravity of the other planets, then the length of the elliptical orbit of a planet must be changed frequently.
But the lengths of the elliptical orbits of the planets are constant.
Therefore the explanation said by Newton for the elliptical orbit of the planets is a wrong explanation.

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why there are so many planets in the star clusters?

Researchers have many planets in stellar clusters.

The presence of more number of planets among stellar clusters has struck the science world with wonder.

A team headed by Dr. Soren Meibom of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics has discovered two Neptune-sized super-earths in the environment of an open star cluster called NGC 6811, located at three thousand light years from the earth.

Particularly, a planet revolving around a star named Kepler 66 is called 66b and a planet revolving around a star named Kepler 67 is called 66b.

These two stars are orbiting their own stars once in seventeen and fifteen days respectively.

These two planets and their stars were discovered based on the accurate measurement of the dimming of a star periodically as the orbiting planet passes between their stars and the earth (Transit Method).

Similarly, scientists have also discovered three stars in Messier-67, an open cluster located at two thousand five hundred light years from the earth, being orbited by three Jupiter-like planets.

These three planets were discovered by accurately measuring the slight wobble caused periodically by them in their stars due to the gravitational force (Wobble Method).

This study was headed by Dr. Roberto Sagila of Germany.

There are more than five hundred stars in the Messier Star cluster.

These three planets were discovered when Dr. Sagila’s team was continuously monitoring sixty-six Sun-like stars.

Dr. Sagila has stated that based on this, it has been found out that planets orbit five percent of the stars of this star cluster.

However, it is noteworthy that it has been discovered that only one percent of the single stars are being orbited by planets like Jupiter.

Why is it a wonder to find more number of planets in star clusters?

According to the currently accepted theory, when a giant molecular cloud in the space cooled, contracted, flattened and spun more rapidly due to the gravitational pull, Sun was formed in the bulky center of the cloud and the other planets and sub planets were formed when the disk got thinner and flatter and particles of dust and gases began to stick together to form clumps.

Particularly, the temperature near the Sun was very high and due to this reason, there was very less dust and gases near the Sun.

These gases and dust slowly stuck together and in the long run led to the formation of smaller rocky planets like Earth and Mars.

Likewise, it is believed that far away from the Sun, the temperature was very low and there existed a huge amount of dust and gases.

The dust and gases gathered on a massive scale led to the formation of bigger gaseous planets like the Saturn.

It is believed that it will take a long time for the planets to form in this way.

It may take a minimum of ten to one hundred million years for the planets to form in this way.

But, the studies conducted during the last sixty years have revealed the existence of billions of stars in the Milky Way alone.

Hence it is currently believed that planets may form by a very fast method that may take place in the space frequently.

Hence, it is believed that instead of clustering and clumping in due course, massive gaseous planets like the Jupiter and Saturn may form in a very short time by a sudden instability, in the gravitational force of the dust clouds.

But, it is also believed that calm environment is required for the planets to form by both the methods.

For example, our Sun is located very far from the other stars.

To be specific, the nearest star to our Sun is located at a distance of four light years.

Hence, it is a wonder that Jupiter-sized planets orbit stars that are among star clusters with closely located stars.

To be specific, the stars in the star clusters are found in places which are a hundred times smaller than the place where our stars like the Sun are located in the space.

So, there will be intense heat among these star clusters. Also, over the course of millions of years these stars will age and finally have an explosive death.

In addition, the gravitational pull of other stars close to a star will also be more.

Here, the unanswered question is, how planets were formed by the clumping of dust and gases in congested places like these?

But there is nothing to be surprised about.

This is because, planets are formed by the combination of heavy elements like oxygen, carbon, sodium, silicon, potassium, chlorine etc. formed by the nuclear reaction that takes place inside the stars.

When the gases on the periphery of the stars in this stage vaporize due to the heat generated by the nearby star, the planets formed inside the vaporizing star start orbiting the neighboring star.

This is the reason for the formation of planets near the stars that are located among the star clusters with a high temperature.

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moon formation theory questioned.

It is a popular belief that all planets, including the Sun, were formed some forty-five million years ago, from a circumstellar disk of dust which was rotating around the Sun in the outer space. According to this theory, all the planets should be revolving around the Sun in the same plane. But, the moon is revolving around the earth at a five-degree-angle from the plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun. Previously, it was believed that a planet, similar to Mars, collided with the earth and the broken fragments from the earth and the colliding planet gathered to form the moon. This was called the “Giant Impact” Hypothesis. But, by analysing of the rock samples brought from the moon, it was discovered that the ratio of isotopes found in both the moon and the earth was similar. Thus, it was unbelievable that the planet that collided with the earth could have had isotopes like that of the earth. This is because, the ratio of isotopes of the various planets in the Solar System is different. Hence, it was impossible to offer a complete explanation for the formation of the Moon based on the “Giant Impact” Hypothesis. Under these circumstances, Prof. Dr. Sarah Stewart and Dr. Cuk of the University of California have explained the formation of the moon by making some changes in the Giant Impact Hypothesis through computerized model studies.

According to this explanation, Dr. Sarah says that the impact of the planet which collided with the earth was much more than what was construed at that time and as a result the colliding planet as well the earth disintegrated and after their parts melted and mixed well, the moon and the earth were formed. This is the reason for the similarity found in the isotopes of both the earth and the moon. Moreover, Dr. Sarah also says that due to the influence of the planet that collided with the moon, the spin of the earth increased and it also caused a tilt in the axis of the earth to the extent of eighty degrees. Dr. Sarah says that the early earth was spinning in its axis in five hours and in due course, after losing it spinning speed to the gravitational force of the moon, it came to the present spinning system of twenty-four hours.

Dr. Sarah states that the early moon was very close to the earth and the earth shook several times during its spin which caused the moon to drift away from the earth. This caused the moon to move away from the influence of the gravitational force of the earth towards a place where the gravitational force of the Sun was dominant, which happens to be the current location of the moon.

According to Dr. Sarah, this is the reason for the moon revolving around the earth at a five-degree-angle from the plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun. Dr. Sarah reiterates that the axial tilt of the earth also reached its current 231/2 degrees from its original eighty degrees. In addition, Dr. Sarah also states that the new hypothesis not only explains the salient features of the Solar System, but also throws light on the inclined orbital plane of the moon. Dr. Sarah also adds that the current scenario cannot be taken as proving this theory, but on the contrary, makes her think that they are proceeding in the right direction. She also says that she is all set to experiment this theory. Particularly, Dr. Sarah says that due to the giant impact incident, heat effects would have taken place in the earth and the moon and she proposes to examine the lunar and the earth rock samples to study the evidences related to it.

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Why the moon orbit the earth, in an inclined angle to the equator?

It has been found through various studies that there exists more water on the moon than expected. This discovery has rendered the hypotheses of the scientists regarding the formation of the moon questionable. It was believed that long time ago a giant molecular cloud in the space suddenly flattened, shrunk and started spinning. It was believed that when this happened, the huge core area formed into the Sun, and the dust and gases found on the periphery accumulated here and there and led to the formation of the other planets. According to this hypothesis, all the planets must be orbiting the Sun on the same plane. But, it is not so and the moon is revolving around the earth at a five-degree-angle from the plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun.

Moreover, the planets and the satellites have different isotopes and isotopic combinations. Whereas, when the rock Samples of the moon were studied, it was

found that the Earth and the Moon had nearly identical isotopic combinations. A theory was presented to throw light on this finding. It was believed that long time ago, a Mars-sized body called ''Thea'' collided with the earth at a great speed causing intense heat, which evaporated the outer shell of the earth pushing its parts into the orbital path of the earth. Later, it was believed, that these blasted materials joined together and formed the Moon. This hypothesis is called ‘Moon Giant Impact Theory’. It was stated that due to the intense heat generated during the collision, even rocks melted and clumped together. Under such conditions of intense heat, volatile gases like hydrogen, chlorine, potassium and sodium would have evaporated and dispersed in the space and so it was expected that there was absolutely no possibility of such volatile gases existing in the moon. However, now the existence of a lot of water in the moon has been discovered. Water is formed by the bonding of hydrogen and oxygen. The study has pointed out the presence of hydroxyl on the surface of the moon in large quantities, which is formed by the bonding of hydrogen and oxygen. Hence, a question arose as to how the highly volatile hydrogen was present in the moon. This question was answered as follows:

It was construed that the moon might have received its hydrogen from the Sun and the hydrogen molecule which came that way bonded to the oxygen molecules on the surface of the moon and led to the formation of hydroxyl. Similarly, it was also believed that part of the water found on the surface of the moon might have come there through the asteroids which fell on the moon from the outer space. But, Dr. Wim Van Westrenen of Vrije University, Netherlands conducted a study on how the rocks found on the moon were formed and stated that the rocks on the moon were formed along with water. Based on this, he had also stated that water was present in the moon since its formation. Dr. Wim Van Westrenen had also stated that water was present on the lunar surface even before the water-bearing asteroids bombarded the moon. At this point, the presence of water molecules was detected at the core of the rock fragments which were pushed to the lunar surface due to volcanic action on the moon. Since these volcanic rock fragments were formed at the deep part of the moon, the water found in these was nothing but the water present in the depths of the moon. Moreover, during such volcanic actions, ninety five percent of the water will evaporate. Hence, the presence of water at the core of the volcanic rock fragments represents only a small amount of water present in the deeper parts of the moon. Based on this, the scientists opine that the quantity of water that might have been present in the moon once upon a time could have been equal to the amount of water now present under the earth. Similarly, a satellite study conducted recently has revealed that water is also present in a frozen state in the polar regions of the moon. Based on the presence of water in the moon in a quantity well above our expectations, a question arose as to how the highly volatile hydrogen is found on the moon. This has given rise to great doubts regarding the Giant Impact Hypothesis offered for the formation of the moon. So, the question, why the moon does not orbit the Sun in the same plane in which the earth orbits the Sun, but orbits the earth in a five-degree inclined angle, also awaits an answer.

My explanation-

All the planets and the satellites of the Solar System were formed at the center of the stars and were captured by the Sun. The smaller planets that moved towards the Sun have been pulled by the other planets. Particularly, due to the equatorial bulge of the planets, their satellites are orbiting the equatorial part of the planets due to gravity. At this point, while these planets revolve around the equatorial part of the Sun, the Sun moves forward in the space. Eventually, the planets which revolve around the Sun also move towards the Sun. This pushes the planets, which must revolve parallel to the equator of the Sun, to orbit the Sun in an inclined angle to its equator. Similarly, the satellites which should orbit the equatorial part of the planets are forced to move towards the planets that move in the direction of the Sun. So, they are unable to orbit the planets parallel to their equator and are forced to orbit in an inclined angle to their equator.

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The theory of scientists on the formation of the ocean is wrong.

The scientists are surprised at the presence of water on the surface of the moon, particularly in its polar regions, in the form of ice.

They are also questioning as to how that water came to the moon.

As an answer to this question, the scientists believe that water might have entered the moon through the comets.

Similarly, scientists raise questions about the amount of water present in the oceans of the earth.

The reason is, presently the scientists believe that all the planets and the satellites of the Solar System, including the earth and the moon, were formed when a giant molecular cloud cooled, contracted, flattened and spun more rapidly.

Sun was formed in the bulky center of the cloud and the other planets and satellites were formed when the disk got thinner and flatter and particles of dust and gases began to stick together to form clumps.

The scientists also believe that when planets were formed in this way, the temperature near the Sun was very high and this led to the formation of rocky planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

Specifically, the scientists opine that since the temperature was intense in the area extending up to Mars, water was not formed in the rocky planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

Moreover, the temperature beyond Mars was low and the scientists believe that water was formed in the asteroids and comets formed in that region in the form of ice.

At this point, the scientists believe that oceans were formed on the earth when the asteroids and comets that strayed frequently due to the influence of the gravitational force of Jupiter, came near the earth and the moon by the gravitational pull of the Sun and fell on the earth and moon.

The ice found on these comets and asteroids were responsible for the formation of oceans on the earth.

The scientists believe that moon also got its water in a similar way.

However, the current study points out that the water found on the earth and the moon came to the surface from deep parts .

Thus, it is proved that the explanation given by the scientists for the presence of enormous amount of water on the earth and the moon, based on the Disk of Dust Hypothesis, is wrong.

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Heavy Snowfall and Cold Wave in America Not Caused by Global Warming

The heavy snowfalls during the months of December 2013 and January 2014 were caused by the excessive snow and ice deposits formed in the Arctic region during August 2013.
Last year, fifty states in the U.S. experienced heavy snowfalls during the months of December 2013 and January 2014. Based on the information released on the internet, I found out that the snowfall was the aftermath of the unusual formation of extensive ice deposits in the Arctic region. However, it is explained on the basis of the “Global Warming” conception.

We are told that the ice deposits on the surface of the sea in the North Polar Region melted and the resultant sea water on the surface evaporated with the heat and rose up. This affected the polar vortex, which usually circles the middle and upper troposphere and extends into stratosphere. This further altered the path of the polar vortex, which widely spread over the entire North American continent causing heavy snowfall.

But the British Meteorological Department has found out from the records of 30,000 stations which recorded weather that during the past seventeen years, i.e. from 1997 to 2014, the world’s temperature had not risen at all.
Hence the explanation given for the widespread snowfall in America last year, during the months of December 2013 and January 2014 on the basis of the “Global Warming” conception is totally wrong.
In the year 2007, BBC released a news item stating that a study conducted by Prof. Dr. Wieslaw Maslowski and researchers of NASA has predicted that particularly in the month of September 2013, the North Polar Region might be ice-free.

But contrary to the predictions of those “Global Warming” scientists, the Arctic Region was not only not sea ice-free, but that ice had unusually formed in an area of around 5,33,000 square miles amounting to 29 percent of additional ice formation in the Arctic Region, and this was captured in the satellite images of NASA.
It proves that the unusual excessive formation of ice in the Arctic Region is the sole reason for the heavy snowfall in America.

There is also a possibility that this incident would recur if excessive ice is again formed in the Arctic Region. So, America, Canada and European nations may be alerted on these grounds.

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