Twenty point
Nebular Disk
Hypothesis is a wrong explanation.
Snow Line
As per the currently accepted theory, it is believed that
when giant space clouds in the outer space flattened and spun due to gravitational force, Sun was
formed in the bulky center of the cloud and the other planets were formed when
particles of dust and gases in the flatter areas around the Sun began to stick
together to form clumps.
Specifically, it is believed that since the temperature
near the Sun was intense, the gases and dust found there was only minimal and
these gases and dust gradually clumped together and led to the formation of
smaller rocky planets in the long run like the earth and the mars.
Moreover, it is also believed that very high
temperature prevailed near the Sun and volatile gases like hydrogen, sodium,
chlorine and methane present in that region were pushed far away from the Sun
by the solar radiation.
Later, it is believed that light gases like these
gathered on the periphery of the Solar System and this led to the formation of
giant gaseous planets like the Jupiter.
The region between the rocky planets and the
gaseous planets is described as Snow Line.
This is because, it is in this area that the volatile
gases attain a frozen state due to low temperature.
Also, the region beyond Pluto is described as the
freezing area for gases like methane and ammonia.
It is believed that comets are formed only in this
region.
But, it is known that this is a wrong theory by the
presence of volatile gases and chemicals in the planets.
For example, many explanations are offered for the
space rocks called asteroids revolving around the Sun between mars and
Jupiter.
Some believe that they may be the remnants of a
planet which failed to form and it is believed that the gravitational force of
Jupiter might be the reason for the failure of that planet to take form.
Others believe that these asteroids might have
emerged from the collision between planets.
At this juncture, a dwarf planet, with a
circumference of 950 kilo meters, is also revolving between these
asteroids.
This dwarf planet has been named as Ceres.
A study conducted from earth in the year 1990
observed the presence of water vapour in this dwarf planet.
The studies conducted subsequently observed the
presence of atmosphere at certain times, and it was absent at other
times.
Based on this finding, it was believed that this
dwarf planet might have a temporary and transient atmosphere.
Particularly when the comets come closer to the
Sun, their head area become large due to the vaporization of the volatile
materials in them.
Later, when the comets move away from the Sun, they
return to their normal state.
Similarly, the same was expected to happen in the
case of the dwarf planet Ceres also.
At this point, Michaela Villarreal of the
University of California studied the periods when atmosphere formed in this
dwarf planet.
It was found out that there was no association
between the periods when atmosphere formed in that dwarf planet and the periods
of its proximity to the Sun.
But, it was observed that there was a link between
the periods when atmosphere formed in that dwarf planet and the periods of
intense Solar radiation.
In a subsequent study conducted through satellite,
it was found that atmosphere was formed when the high-energized particles from
the Sun came into contact with the ice on the surface of the dwarf planet and
this ice got energized and vaporized.
Michaela Villarreal states that it has been found
out that later, when this water vapor dispersed in the space, a transient
atmosphere which lasts only for a week or two is formed.
White deposits were detected in a large round
shaped pit found in the crater of the dwarf planet Ceres. In the beginning,
they were considered to be deposits of ice.
At this point, NASA, by sending a satellite to the
dwarf planet, conducted a study through infrared spectrometer and other
instruments with higher resolution and the white deposits were found to be salt
deposits.
Particularly, astrophysicist Maria Christina De
Sanctis of Rome, who studied the spectrometer concerning these deposits, stated
that they were sodium carbonate salts found in the hot spring areas of the
earth.
Based on this finding, she also observed that hot
conditions prevail under the dwarf planet and along with it, ammonium-mixed
clay is also found there.
According to the Nebular Disk Hypothesis, it is
believed that all the volatile gases, especially methane and ammonium could
possibly exist only at the edge of the Solar System, particularly in the cooler
parts where Neptune is located.
Hence, Mikhail Solodov of Arizona University and
Chris Russel of California University believe that the dwarf planet, Ceres,
after forming in the parts where Neptune is situated, might have reached the
current location, due to collisions among the planets.
Otherwise, these scientists also believe that after
the dwarf planet Ceres was formed in its current location, ammonia might have
entered it through the comets which collided with Ceres from the edge of the
Solar System.
However, Dr. Michael Hubner of Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology announced that on the basis of a study conducted on the infrared
spectrometer, he had discovered the presence of ammonia in the air to the
extent of thirty-three times in a trillion, in the earth's troposphere
layer.
But, according to the Nebular Disk Hypothesis,
there is absolutely no possibility of the presence of ammonia on the earth,
hence, the scientists are puzzled about how ammonia came to the earth.
This is because, it is believed that earth was a
molten rocky planet at the time of its formation.
In the presence of intense heat, all the volatile
gases like ammonia, methane etc. would vaporize and disperse from the earth.
So, the scientists are puzzled about how ammonia
entered the earth.
However, it is noteworthy that ammonia is present
not only in the earth, but also in all the nine planets viz. Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto etc.
Moreover, the atmosphere of the earth comprises of
three-fourths of nitrogen and one-fourth of oxygen and other gases.
Under these circumstances, Prof. Sandra Pizarello
of the University of Arizona has stated that nitrogen might have entered the
earth through the comets.
Since nitrogen and carbon etc. are molecules of
life, they have been responsible for the emergence of life on earth.
After the emergence of life, it is considered that
methane was formed from the dead plants and animals.
At this point, the presence of methane in Mars came
to light by a study conducted through Curiosity Rover.
So, the scientists are wondering how methane came
into Mars and whether living organisms were responsible for the same.
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Was
Mars formed by the condensation of dust and gases?
A satellite study showed that due to Solar
radiation, elements like sodium, calcium and magnesium are being released from
Mercury, a planet very close to the Sun.
Similarly, the satellite study found out the
release of gases from Venus also due to Solar radiation .
The satellite study also discovered that sodium is
being released from moon due to Solar radiation.
This satellite study also found out the release of
oxygen from the earth due to Solar radiation.
At this juncture, the satellite study has
discovered that, Mars which is located next to the earth is also releasing
gases like carbon, oxygen and hydrogen due to Solar radiation.
The US launched a satellite called Maven to conduct
research, particularly on the Mars.
The time when this satellite reached Mars, a comet
called Siding Spring went past Mars which was incredibly close.
This caused the dust
particles in its tail to fall on the surface of the atmosphere of Mars.
Following this, when the atmosphere of Mars was studied
through a satellite, it was found that sodium, magnesium, iron, potassium,
manganese, nickel, chromium and zinc were present on the comet.
Release of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen from Mars was also detected
due to Solar radiation .
This discovery challenges the hypothesis that once upon a
time an giant molecular cloud made of dust and gases was spinning around the
Sun for millions of years and later due to condensation of the dust and gases
present there, planets like Mercury, Venus and Earth were formed near the Sun.
This is because, minerals like sodium, magnesium, iron,
potassium, manganese, nickel, chromium and zinc present on the comet, which
came near Mars, are found on the earth also.
Hence, a question arises as to how earth could have formed
from the dust near the Sun with the same mineral content mentioned above, when
these minerals had vaporized due to sun’s heat near Mars, a planet which is far
away from the Sun.
When the mineral gases present in the comet that went past
Mars, which was quite far from the Sun, had vaporized due to the Sun’s rays, it
is impossible that the same gases had not vaporized in a place which was much
closer to the Sun.
Hence, earth could not have formed near the Sun with these
gases present in it.
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The Mystery of Methane
NASA’s senior research scientist, Glenn Orton, has discovered
that methane is being released from the south polar region of Neptune, the
eighth and the last planet of the Solar System.
Glenn Orton has stated that this was known when scanning
through a telescope from Chile, a country in South America.
He has also elaborated the reason for this phenomenon.
The most distant major planet from the Sun, Neptune, is thirty
times earth’s distance from the Sun.
So, the sunlight received by Neptune is just one tenth of one
percent of the sunlight that the earth receives from the Sun.
As a result, the average temperature of Neptune is minus two
hundred degrees.
However, like the earth, Neptune is also orbiting the Sun it
its axis in an inclined position.
That is, the earth is revolving around the Sun once in three
hundred and sixty-five days.
Hence, the south polar regions of the earth face the Sun only
for a few months. During this time, earth’s northern region will have summer.
After this period, the north polar region of the earth will face the Sun.
But, Neptune takes one hundred and sixty-five years to
complete one rotation around the Sun.
At present, the south polar region of Neptune is facing the
Sun.
Also, the south polar region of Neptune will continue to face
the Sun for another forty years to come, after which, the north polar region of
Neptune will face the Sun continuously for forty years.
Since the south polar region of Neptune continues to face the
Sun for many years like this, the temperature in the south polar region of
Neptune is ten degrees more than that is found in the other regions of Neptune.
Glenn Orton explains that as a result of this, methane, which
is found in a frozen state in the atmosphere of Neptune’s south polar region,
is converted to gas. This gas is released from Neptune’s atmosphere and
dispersed in the outer space.
This discovery challenges the hypothesis that once upon a
time a giant molecular cloud made of dust and gases was spinning around the Sun
for millions of years and later due to condensation of the dust and gases
present there, giant gaseous planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus etc.,
including Neptune, were formed.
The reason is, methane gas is present in Uranus also which is
even nearer than Neptune.
Similarly, methane gas is present in Titan also, which is a
sub-planet of Saturn.
So, a question arises as to whether methane gas was present
around the Sun for millions of years.
Particularly, how earth formed very close to the Sun with the
presence of methane is a question to be answered.
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Nebular Disk Hypothesis is a wrong explanation.
Nebular Disk Hypothesis that explains the evolution of the
Solar System has come to be proved as a wrong explanation.
It was believed that once upon a time a giant cloud in the
space suddenly cooled, condensed and rotated and its massive central part
condensed to form the Sun.
It was believed that later, the dust and gases, spinning
around the Sun for millions of years, condensed here and there and planets were
formed.
This theory is called the Nebular Disk Hypothesis.
according to this theory,all the volatile gases, including the
water molecules present near the Sun, moved away from the Sun due to the
emission of intense heat from the Sun.
But, it is believed that other minerals and metals like iron,
which were found is a lesser quantity near the Sun, cooled and in the long run,
minor rocky planets like Mercury, Venus, earth and Mars were formed.this kind
of rocky planet formation is called as accretion method.
However, it is believed that giant planets were first formed
a rocky core,in a short period due to the condensation of the materials found
in a massive scale in the cooler regions far away from the Sun,by accretion
method.
after that,the rocky core attract huge volume of gases and
then formed as the giant planets like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
But, it has come to light by the studies conducted in the
recent times, that the Nebular Disk Hypothesis is wrong.
Particularly, it has been discovered by a satellite study
that there is emission of gases like hydrogen, oxygen, sodium etc. from
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars due to Solar radiation.
So, doubt is raised as to how could planets like Mercury,
Venus, Earth and Mars form near the Sun, with the presence of volatile gases
like hydrogen,nitrogen, oxygen, sodium etc.
Most importantly, large amount of nitrogen, that is, seventy
eight percent, is found only in the atmosphere of the earth which is closer to
the Sun.
Interestingly, a recent satellite study has discovered the
emission of nitrogenous gas due to solar radiation from a distant planet Pluto,
a planet which, compared to the earth, is forty times away from the Sun.
So, questions have been raised regarding the possibility of
the formation of earth with a huge volume of nitrogen closer to the Sun.
some scientist believe that the nitrogen of the earth
atmosphere was supplied by comets which is believed to be formed in the outer
region of the solar system.
Similarly, the satellite study has also discovered the
emission of sodium from the moon due to solar radiation.
The satellite study has also discovered the emission of
sodium due to solar radiation from Mercury, a planet very close to the Sun and
also from the moon.
Hence, it is puzzling that how it was possible for Mercury to
form near the Sun with sodium in it.
Likewise, the satellite study has also discovered the
emission of water and carbon dioxide due to solar radiation from the comets
which approach the Sun, particularly when they reach the distance where Mars is
located.
So, it is a mystery how planets such as Mercury, Venus,
earth, Mars etc. with a lot of gases like hydrogen, oxygen and sodium could
form near the Sun and this puzzle needs to be solved.
With such emissions caused by solar radiation in the distant
planets, it is impossible for any planet to form near the Sun.
Hence, the theory, that once upon a time dust and gases were
spinning around the Sun and these dust and gases condensed here and there and
planets were formed, has been proved to be wrong.
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Explanation
for the elliptical orbit of the planets
Why is the plane orbited by
the planets around the Sun inclined or tilted? During the period of Aristotle,
it was believed that all celestial bodies moved in a circular orbit, having the
earth at the centre which was called the Geocentric Model. But, Nicolaus
Copernicus, a scientist, asserted that the fixed stars and the Sun remain
unmoved and all the planets, including the earth, revolved around the Sun in a
circular orbit. During this period, a researcher called Tycho Brahe of Denmark
recorded the movement of planets every night on the basis of the background
stars. Unfortunately he died before he could complete his research. therefore
the documents kept by the Tycho Brahe, now came under the custody of the
Johannes Kepler who was the assistant of Tycho Brahe. based on the analysis of
the documents, Kepler discovered that all the planets moved around the Sun in
an elliptical orbit. Specifically, he discovered that the Sun was located in a
corner of this elliptical orbit. Moreover, Kepler also found out that the
movement of the planets was slow when they were away from the Sun. Similarly,
Kepler also discovered that the speed of the planets increased when they moved
closer to the Sun. But, Kepler was not aware why the planets were orbiting the
Sun in such a manner. Particularly, Aristotle had stated that heavy objects
fall quickly and lighter objects fall slowly. However, by rolling two balls
made in light and heavy wood in an inclined wooden plane, Galileo proved that
all objects fall at the same speed by pointing to both the balls reaching the
ground at the same time. But he did not give any thought to why objects fall.
At this point, Sir Isaac Newton was studying the comets. He discovered a comet
going behind the Sun. He also noticed the same comet rising from behind the
Sun. On the basis of this fact, he found out that the Sun had gravitational
force. He also discovered that the comets are moving around the Sun because the
gravitational pull of the Sun bends their path. Now, a question arose as to why
the planets were moving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. Newton answered
this question by explaining that the affected gravitational force of other
planets was the reason for this movement. My explanation. The positions of the
planets change every day. Hence, given that the path of the planetary orbit
changes to an elliptical path due to the influence of the gravitational force
of other planets, this elliptical path of the planets should change frequently.
But, all the planets are orbiting the Sun in a similar elliptical path. So, the
explanation offered by Newton for the elliptical path of the planets is wrong.
At this juncture, it was discovered that the elliptical path of Mercury had
extended beyond the expectation. Hence, a question arose as to why the
elliptical orbit of Mercury was highly extended ? Newton could not answer this
question. Also, the point of Mercury’s proximity to the Sun also shifted
slightly with every rotation. This means that the elliptical path of Mercury
itself revolves slowly around the Sun like the petals of a flower. Newton could
not offer an explanation for the question, why the point of Mercury’s proximity
to the Sun is shifting slightly with every revolution? The wrong explanation of
Einstein. At this point, Albert Einstein had offered a wrong explanation for
this puzzle. Importantly, contrary to Newton’s theory, Einstein stated that
gravitation was not a force at all. Moreover, Einstein stated that the space
near the Sun is bent due to the gravity of the Sun and as a result, a large pit
is formed near the Sun. As all the planets travel inside that pit, the path of
the planets are turned into a curved path. But, presently the scientists have
discovered more than a thousand alien planets on the basis of measuring the
movement caused by the planets in their stars. Hence, it has been proved with
evidence that gravitation is a force as stated by Sir Isaac Newton. It has also
been proved with evidence that the explanation offered by Einstein for the
movement of planets was totally wrong. Now, a question arises as to why the
planets are revolving around the Sun in an elliptical orbit? To be specific,
the Sun is travelling in space at a speed of 230 kilometers per second (828,000
km/h). The plane in which the Sun is travelling in space in this manner is
called “Galactic Plane”. The planets orbit the Sun travelling at such a speed
in the galactic plane, at an angle of 62 degree. The angle at which the planets
orbit the Sun in this way is called “Ecliptic plane”.But, all the planets do
not orbit the Sun in the same angle. On the contrary, the planets orbit the Sun
in different angles. For example, the orbital plane of Mercury, which is closer
to the Sun, is inclined at 7 degree angle from this common plane. Similarly,
the dwarf planet Pluto, which orbits the Sun at a long distance in a very large
orbital path, is inclined at 17 degree angle from this common plane. In a
similar way, the orbital planes of all other planets are also away from this
common plane. Similar to the minor deviation caused in the point of approaching
the Sun by Mercury, the point of approaching the Sun by other planets also
shifts a little with every revolution. This means that the elliptical paths of
all the planets revolve slowly around the Sun like the petals of a flower. A
question arises as to why the orbital plane of the planets is inclined in this
way with respect to the plane travelled by the Sun. Similarly, it is also a
matter of question as to why the point of approaching the Sun by the planets
shifts a little with every revolution. My Expalnation. Inclination or tilt is
caused in the orbital plane of the planets due to the Sun travelling in the
Galactic Plane at a speed of two hundred and thirty kilometers per second. This
means that when a planet approaching the Sun deviates from it, the Sun deviates
from its original location and moves far away. As a result, the path of the
planets tilts when the planet which deviates from the Sun moves towards the
Sun’s new location. Hence, the point of approaching the Sun by the planets
shifts a little when the planets move towards the Sun’s new location in this
way.
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Reason for
the Exoplanet Tilt
The orbital path of
the newly discovered exoplanets (alien planets) has greatly puzzled the
scientists.
Beginning from the period of Aristotle, it was strongly believed
that exoplanets could exist in the outer space, just like the Solar System, and
continuous searches were being conducted to locate them.
When the scientists were looking into the space to
find an answer to the question as to how planets were formed, they stumbled
upon the massive rotation of dust and gases around many stars in the
space.
On the basis of this finding, it was strongly
believed that when the giant space clouds had shrunk, flattened and rotated,
the massive core area could have become the Sun and the dust and gases moving
around it might have clustered here and there in due course and led to the
formation of other planets.
As per this theory, it was also believed that since
the dust and gases close to the Sun would evaporate due to its heat, all the
planets in question would have formed at a certain distance from the Sun.
In the year 1992, Aleksander Wolszczan of Poland
discovered an exoplanet.
But, the scientific world refused to accept his
discovery.
This was because, the planet discovered by
Wolszczan was a star which was capable of emitting radiation that was several
times hotter than that of the Sun.
Moreover, this planet was closely orbiting the
super hot star.
Hence, questions were raised like how could a
planet form so close to a hottest star? More importantly, how could that planet
orbit the star in question under such an intense heat, without getting
evaporated?
This question was answered by a scientist, Dr. Marc
Kuchner, that the planets closely orbiting the hottest star could be carbon
planets which were formed by diamond crust several kilometres deep in their
interiors.
However, it gave rise to a question, how could
diamond form in the void of the outer space?
At this point, scientists discovered many stars
evaporating the gases that surround their neighbouring stars.
In addition, the British scientists discovered a
moon sized diamond crystal, at the core of a dead star.
On the basis of this finding, I came to the
conclusion that the planets are formed only at the core of the evaporated
stars.
Particularly, I had theorized that when the hottest
stars attract the stars that are in a burnt down state and evaporate the gaseous
atmosphere surrounding them, the diamond crystal at the core of these
evaporated stars revolve around the hottest stars as diamond planets.
On the basis of this theory, I had stated that
presently all the planets including the earth, that orbit the Sun and all the
natural satellites that orbit these planets are those which orbit the Sun as
planets and satellites after being formed at the core of an evaporated star and
after the gases in their atmosphere got scattered in the space when they were
attracted by the gravitational force of the Sun.
At this point, the newly discovered exoplanets were
completely contrary to the expectations of the scientists. This was because,
the scientists believed in the Dust Disk Theory.
Particularly, as per this theory, when the giant
clouds in the space shrank, flattened and rotated, the massive core area could
have become the Sun and the dust and gases moving around it might have
clustered here and there in due course and led to the formation of other
planets.
As per this belief, the scientists expected the
planets to revolve parallel to the axis in which the Sun, the central body, was
rotating and also orbit it in the same direction.
But, many exoplanets behaved completely contrary to
the expectations of the scientists. The puzzled scientists were unable to offer
an explanation for the revolution pattern of these exoplanets.
For example, in our Solar System, Venus is rotating
from east to west which is just opposite to the rotation of Sun .
This means that unlike the other planets, including
the earth, Venus rotates from east to west.
Collision of another planet with Venus long time
ago is cited as the reason for the reversal of the spin direction of this
planet in relation to the spin direction of the Sun.
However, my opinion is, Venus is a planet captured
by the Sun and it can spin in any direction.
For example, when a boy, who had fallen into a
well, is lifted with the help of a rope, he may come up spinning to his right
side or left side. Similarly, any planet that is captured by the Sun may follow
the Sun by spinning in any direction.
Particularly, according to the Dust Disk Theory, as
it is believed that all the planets and the sub planets of the Solar System
were formed as a single system and from the beginning remained with the Sun,
the Solar system is called as Solar Family and Solar Setting.
But, according to my theory, all the planets and
the sub planets of the Solar System captured by the Sun due to the gravity of
the Sun at different points of time.
So, my theory may be called as joined or collected
planetary system.
Particularly, during the Sun’s travel, these
planets were captured by the Sun when they came closer to it. Hence, it is not
necessary that they should synchronize with the rotation of the Sun when they
spin and orbit.
Similarly, as per the
Dust Disk Theory, the scientists expected all the planets to orbit in a plane
which is parallel to the rotational axis of the Sun.
But, contrary to the expectations of the scientists, all the
planets that orbiting the Sun is revolving the sun at different angles from the
angle of the rotational axis of the Sun.
For example, Mercury, a planet very close to the Sun, is
orbiting the Sun in a plane with a seven-degree inclination from the plane in
which the earth is orbiting the Sun.
In the same way, Pluto, the farthest planet from the Sun, is
orbiting the Sun in a plane with a seventeen-degree inclination from the plane
in which the earth is orbiting the Sun.
few researchers believe that the rotational axis of the sun
did not inclined,but the orbiting plane of the planets are inclined
The researchers explain that the gravitation force of a
planet which is revolving around the Sun from outside the Solar System and
weighing ten times more than the earth, is the reason for the planets orbiting
the Sun from an inclined plane.
However, the said planet has not been discovered till date.
At this point, the rotation and the orbital path of the newly
discovered exoplanets were also found to be quite contrary to the expectations
of the scientists.
For example, in the year 1995, the scientists were shocked
when they saw for the first time, an exoplanet which was orbiting a star much
similar to our Sun through their telescope.
The reason for this is, the said planet which was called 51-b
Pegasi, was orbiting its star in a galloping speed of once in four days, i.e.,
at eight times lesser distance than the distance from which Mercury orbits the
Sun.
The said exoplanet was inferred to be similar in size to that
of Jupiter which belonged to our Solar System and was very hot due to its
proximity to its star.
So, this planet was known as “Hot Jupiter”.
Later,many hot Jupiters were found to be orbiting a number of
similar stars.
As per the theory of Dust Disk, there is no possibility of
dust and gases present near a star, which could gather to form a planet.
Hence, it was suggested that hot jupiters which formed at a
great distance from its star might have migrated near it. This theory was also
called Migration Theory.
A question arose as to why do planets migrate in this way.
As an answer to this question, it was believed that when the
dust and gases surrounding a star rotated and formed a planet, the hot jupiters
migrated towards its star due to the speed of rotation and contraction of the
disk of dust.
According to this theory, the hot jupiters must be orbiting
the central star, parallel to its rotational axis.
Under these circumstances, a massive planet weighing ten
times as much as Jupiter had been discovered revolving once in three-and-a-half
days around a star that was located at a distance of 568 light years from the
earth.
This planet, named as xo-3 b, had been found to be revolving
around its star at an angle of 37 degrees to the orbital axis of its star.
The scientists were unable to explain this in terms of the
hot jupiters migration theory.
Similarly, a huge planet weighing one-and-a-half times as
much as Jupiter had been discovered revolving once in two days around a star
that was located at a distance of a thousand light years from the earth.
This planet, named as HAT-P-7, had been found to be revolving
around its star at an angle of 180 degrees to the orbital axis of its star.
In another study, the same planet had been found to be
revolving around its star at an angle of 86 degrees to the orbital axis of its
star.
This means that, planet HAT-P-7 was found to be revolving
around it star from pole to pole, which was quite contrary to the disk of dust
theory.
It was suggested that the reason for the planets to orbit
their stars in different angles was that, another planet might have collided
with them and ejected them into an tolted orbital path.
Under these circumstances, the scientists are puzzled over
the finding that many exoplanets are orbiting their stars in an angle quite
different from the rotational axis of those stars.
Till date, our Solar System had been considered as the main
model and the rest of the exoplanet families were just rare phenomena.
At this stage, many exoplanets discovered so far have been
found to be orbiting their star at an angle quite different from the rotational
axis of those stars.
Hence, the scientists opine that now the other exoplanets
have become the general model and our Solar System has become an exceptional
model.
But, according to my captured planets theory, it is a
possible occurrence that planets like Jupiter orbiting very close to the
central star and similarly hot jupiters orbiting at a different angle from the
orbital axis of the central star.
This is because, as per my theory, all the planets of the
Solar System have been captured by the Sun.
This boils down to the fact that the Sun had attracted only
those evaporated stars which were moving closer to the path in which the Sun
was travelling.
Hence, it is possible that the planets may be attracted from
any direction.
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Newton explanation is
wrong.
Newton has said that the elliptical orbits of
the planets are caused by the gravity of the other planets.
But the positions of the planets are frequently changed.
Therefore, if the elliptical orbit of a planet is caused by
the gravity of the other planets, then the length of the elliptical orbit of a
planet must be changed frequently.
But the lengths of the elliptical orbits of the planets are
constant.
Therefore the explanation said by Newton for the elliptical
orbit of the planets is a wrong explanation.
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why there are so many
planets in the star clusters?
Researchers
have many planets in stellar clusters.
The
presence of more number of planets among stellar clusters has struck the
science world with wonder.
A team
headed by Dr. Soren Meibom of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
has discovered two Neptune-sized super-earths in the environment of an open
star cluster called NGC 6811, located at three thousand light years from the
earth.
Particularly,
a planet revolving around a star named Kepler 66 is called 66b and a planet
revolving around a star named Kepler 67 is called 66b.
These
two stars are orbiting their own stars once in seventeen and fifteen days
respectively.
These
two planets and their stars were discovered based on the accurate measurement
of the dimming of a star periodically as the orbiting planet passes between
their stars and the earth (Transit Method).
Similarly,
scientists have also discovered three stars in Messier-67, an open cluster
located at two thousand five hundred light years from the earth, being orbited
by three Jupiter-like planets.
These
three planets were discovered by accurately measuring the slight wobble caused
periodically by them in their stars due to the gravitational force (Wobble
Method).
This
study was headed by Dr. Roberto Sagila of Germany.
There
are more than five hundred stars in the Messier Star cluster.
These
three planets were discovered when Dr. Sagila’s team was continuously
monitoring sixty-six Sun-like stars.
Dr.
Sagila has stated that based on this, it has been found out that planets orbit
five percent of the stars of this star cluster.
However,
it is noteworthy that it has been discovered that only one percent of the
single stars are being orbited by planets like Jupiter.
Why is
it a wonder to find more number of planets in star clusters?
According
to the currently accepted theory, when a giant molecular cloud in the space
cooled, contracted, flattened and spun more rapidly due to the gravitational
pull, Sun was formed in the bulky center of the cloud and the other planets and
sub planets were formed when the disk got thinner and flatter and particles of
dust and gases began to stick together to form clumps.
Particularly,
the temperature near the Sun was very high and due to this reason, there was
very less dust and gases near the Sun.
These
gases and dust slowly stuck together and in the long run led to the formation
of smaller rocky planets like Earth and Mars.
Likewise,
it is believed that far away from the Sun, the temperature was very low and
there existed a huge amount of dust and gases.
The
dust and gases gathered on a massive scale led to the formation of bigger
gaseous planets like the Saturn.
It is
believed that it will take a long time for the planets to form in this way.
It may
take a minimum of ten to one hundred million years for the planets to form in
this way.
But,
the studies conducted during the last sixty years have revealed the existence
of billions of stars in the Milky Way alone.
Hence
it is currently believed that planets may form by a very fast method that may
take place in the space frequently.
Hence,
it is believed that instead of clustering and clumping in due course, massive
gaseous planets like the Jupiter and Saturn may form in a very short time by a
sudden instability, in the gravitational force of the dust clouds.
But, it
is also believed that calm environment is required for the planets to form by
both the methods.
For
example, our Sun is located very far from the other stars.
To be
specific, the nearest star to our Sun is located at a distance of four light
years.
Hence,
it is a wonder that Jupiter-sized planets orbit stars that are among star
clusters with closely located stars.
To be
specific, the stars in the star clusters are found in places which are a
hundred times smaller than the place where our stars like the Sun are located
in the space.
So,
there will be intense heat among these star clusters. Also, over the course of
millions of years these stars will age and finally have an explosive death.
In
addition, the gravitational pull of other stars close to a star will also be
more.
Here,
the unanswered question is, how planets were formed by the clumping of dust and
gases in congested places like these?
But
there is nothing to be surprised about.
This is
because, planets are formed by the combination of heavy elements like oxygen,
carbon, sodium, silicon, potassium, chlorine etc. formed by the nuclear
reaction that takes place inside the stars.
When
the gases on the periphery of the stars in this stage vaporize due to the heat
generated by the nearby star, the planets formed inside the vaporizing star
start orbiting the neighboring star.
This is
the reason for the formation of planets near the stars that are located among
the star clusters with a high temperature.
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moon formation theory
questioned.
It is a popular belief that
all planets, including the Sun, were formed some forty-five million years ago,
from a circumstellar disk of dust which was rotating around the Sun in the
outer space. According to this theory, all the planets should be revolving
around the Sun in the same plane. But, the moon is revolving around the earth
at a five-degree-angle from the plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun.
Previously, it was believed that a planet, similar to Mars, collided with the
earth and the broken fragments from the earth and the colliding planet gathered
to form the moon. This was called the “Giant Impact” Hypothesis. But, by
analysing of the rock samples brought from the moon, it was discovered that the
ratio of isotopes found in both the moon and the earth was similar. Thus, it
was unbelievable that the planet that collided with the earth could have had
isotopes like that of the earth. This is because, the ratio of isotopes of the
various planets in the Solar System is different. Hence, it was impossible to
offer a complete explanation for the formation of the Moon based on the “Giant
Impact” Hypothesis. Under these circumstances, Prof. Dr. Sarah Stewart and Dr.
Cuk of the University of California have explained the formation of the moon by
making some changes in the Giant Impact Hypothesis through computerized model
studies.
According
to this explanation, Dr. Sarah says that the impact of the planet which
collided with the earth was much more than what was construed at that time and
as a result the colliding planet as well the earth disintegrated and after
their parts melted and mixed well, the moon and the earth were formed. This is
the reason for the similarity found in the isotopes of both the earth and the
moon. Moreover, Dr. Sarah also says that due to the influence of the planet
that collided with the moon, the spin of the earth increased and it also caused
a tilt in the axis of the earth to the extent of eighty degrees. Dr. Sarah says
that the early earth was spinning in its axis in five hours and in due course,
after losing it spinning speed to the gravitational force of the moon, it came
to the present spinning system of twenty-four hours.
Dr. Sarah states that the early moon was very
close to the earth and the earth shook several times during its spin which
caused the moon to drift away from the earth. This caused the moon to move away
from the influence of the gravitational force of the earth towards a place
where the gravitational force of the Sun was dominant, which happens to be the
current location of the moon.
According to Dr. Sarah, this
is the reason for the moon revolving around the earth at a five-degree-angle
from the plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun. Dr. Sarah reiterates
that the axial tilt of the earth also reached its current 231/2 degrees from
its original eighty degrees. In addition, Dr. Sarah also states that the new hypothesis
not only explains the salient features of the Solar System, but also throws
light on the inclined orbital plane of the moon. Dr. Sarah also adds that the
current scenario cannot be taken as proving this theory, but on the contrary,
makes her think that they are proceeding in the right direction. She also says
that she is all set to experiment this theory. Particularly, Dr. Sarah says
that due to the giant impact incident, heat effects would have taken place in
the earth and the moon and she proposes to examine the lunar and the earth rock
samples to study the evidences related to it.
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Why the moon orbit the
earth, in an inclined angle to the equator?
It has been found
through various studies that there exists more water on the moon than expected.
This discovery has rendered the hypotheses of the scientists regarding the
formation of the moon questionable. It was believed that long time ago a giant
molecular cloud in the space suddenly flattened, shrunk and started spinning.
It was believed that when this happened, the huge core area formed into the
Sun, and the dust and gases found on the periphery accumulated here and there
and led to the formation of the other planets. According to this hypothesis,
all the planets must be orbiting the Sun on the same plane. But, it is not so
and the moon is revolving around the earth at a five-degree-angle from the
plane in which the earth is orbiting the Sun.
Moreover, the planets and the satellites have different
isotopes and isotopic combinations. Whereas, when the rock Samples of the moon
were studied, it was
found that the
Earth and the Moon had nearly identical isotopic combinations. A theory was
presented to throw light on this finding. It was believed that long time ago, a
Mars-sized body called ''Thea'' collided with the earth at a great speed
causing intense heat, which evaporated the outer shell of the earth pushing its
parts into the orbital path of the earth. Later, it was believed, that these
blasted materials joined together and formed the Moon. This hypothesis is
called ‘Moon Giant Impact Theory’. It was stated that due to the intense heat
generated during the collision, even rocks melted and clumped together. Under
such conditions of intense heat, volatile gases like hydrogen, chlorine,
potassium and sodium would have evaporated and dispersed in the space and so it
was expected that there was absolutely no possibility of such volatile gases
existing in the moon. However, now the existence of a lot of water in the moon
has been discovered. Water is formed by the bonding of hydrogen and oxygen. The
study has pointed out the presence of hydroxyl on the surface of the moon in
large quantities, which is formed by the bonding of hydrogen and oxygen. Hence,
a question arose as to how the highly volatile hydrogen was present in the
moon. This question was answered as follows:
It was
construed that the moon might have received its hydrogen from the Sun and the
hydrogen molecule which came that way bonded to the oxygen molecules on the
surface of the moon and led to the formation of hydroxyl. Similarly, it was
also believed that part of the water found on the surface of the moon might
have come there through the asteroids which fell on the moon from the outer
space. But, Dr. Wim Van Westrenen of Vrije University, Netherlands conducted a
study on how the rocks found on the moon were formed and stated that the rocks
on the moon were formed along with water. Based on this, he had also stated
that water was present in the moon since its formation. Dr. Wim Van Westrenen
had also stated that water was present on the lunar surface even before the
water-bearing asteroids bombarded the moon. At this point, the presence of
water molecules was detected at the core of the rock fragments which were
pushed to the lunar surface due to volcanic action on the moon. Since these
volcanic rock fragments were formed at the deep part of the moon, the water
found in these was nothing but the water present in the depths of the moon.
Moreover, during such volcanic actions, ninety five percent of the water will
evaporate. Hence, the presence of water at the core of the volcanic rock
fragments represents only a small amount of water present in the deeper parts
of the moon. Based on this, the scientists opine that the quantity of water
that might have been present in the moon once upon a time could have been equal
to the amount of water now present under the earth. Similarly, a satellite
study conducted recently has revealed that water is also present in a frozen
state in the polar regions of the moon. Based on the presence of water in the
moon in a quantity well above our expectations, a question arose as to how the
highly volatile hydrogen is found on the moon. This has given rise to great
doubts regarding the Giant Impact Hypothesis offered for the formation of the
moon. So, the question, why the moon does not orbit the Sun in the same plane
in which the earth orbits the Sun, but orbits the earth in a five-degree
inclined angle, also awaits an answer.
My
explanation-
All the
planets and the satellites of the Solar System were formed at the center of the
stars and were captured by the Sun. The smaller planets that moved towards the
Sun have been pulled by the other planets. Particularly, due to the equatorial
bulge of the planets, their satellites are orbiting the equatorial part of the
planets due to gravity. At this point, while these planets revolve around the
equatorial part of the Sun, the Sun moves forward in the space. Eventually, the
planets which revolve around the Sun also move towards the Sun. This pushes the
planets, which must revolve parallel to the equator of the Sun, to orbit the
Sun in an inclined angle to its equator. Similarly, the satellites which should
orbit the equatorial part of the planets are forced to move towards the planets
that move in the direction of the Sun. So, they are unable to orbit the planets
parallel to their equator and are forced to orbit in an inclined angle to their
equator.
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The theory of
scientists on the formation of the ocean is wrong.
The
scientists are surprised at the presence of water on the surface of the moon,
particularly in its polar regions, in the form of ice.
They
are also questioning as to how that water came to the moon.
As an
answer to this question, the scientists believe that water might have entered
the moon through the comets.
Similarly,
scientists raise questions about the amount of water present in the oceans of
the earth.
The
reason is, presently the scientists believe that all the planets and the
satellites of the Solar System, including the earth and the moon, were formed
when a giant molecular cloud cooled, contracted, flattened and spun more
rapidly.
Sun was
formed in the bulky center of the cloud and the other planets and satellites
were formed when the disk got thinner and flatter and particles of dust and
gases began to stick together to form clumps.
The
scientists also believe that when planets were formed in this way, the
temperature near the Sun was very high and this led to the formation of rocky
planets like Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
Specifically,
the scientists opine that since the temperature was intense in the area
extending up to Mars, water was not formed in the rocky planets like Mercury,
Venus, Earth and Mars.
Moreover,
the temperature beyond Mars was low and the scientists believe that water was
formed in the asteroids and comets formed in that region in the form of ice.
At this
point, the scientists believe that oceans were formed on the earth when the
asteroids and comets that strayed frequently due to the influence of the
gravitational force of Jupiter, came near the earth and the moon by the
gravitational pull of the Sun and fell on the earth and moon.
The ice
found on these comets and asteroids were responsible for the formation of
oceans on the earth.
The
scientists believe that moon also got its water in a similar way.
However,
the current study points out that the water found on the earth and the moon
came to the surface from deep parts .
Thus,
it is proved that the explanation given by the scientists for the presence of
enormous amount of water on the earth and the moon, based on the Disk of Dust
Hypothesis, is wrong.
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Heavy Snowfall and Cold Wave in America Not Caused by Global
Warming
The heavy snowfalls during the months of December 2013 and
January 2014 were caused by the excessive snow and ice deposits formed in the
Arctic region during August 2013.
Last year, fifty states in the U.S. experienced heavy snowfalls during the
months of December 2013 and January 2014. Based on the information released on
the internet, I found out that the snowfall was the aftermath of the unusual
formation of extensive ice deposits
in the Arctic region. However, it is explained on the basis of the “Global
Warming” conception.
We are told that the ice deposits on the surface of
the sea in the North Polar Region melted and the resultant sea water on the
surface evaporated with the heat and rose up. This affected the polar vortex,
which usually circles the middle and upper troposphere and extends into
stratosphere. This further altered the path of the polar vortex, which widely
spread over the entire North American continent causing heavy snowfall.
But the British Meteorological Department has found
out from the records of 30,000 stations which recorded weather that during the
past seventeen years, i.e. from 1997 to 2014, the world’s temperature had not
risen at all.
Hence the explanation given for the widespread snowfall in America last year,
during the months of December 2013 and January 2014 on the basis of the “Global
Warming” conception is totally wrong.
In the year 2007, BBC released a news item stating that a study conducted by
Prof. Dr. Wieslaw Maslowski and researchers of NASA has predicted that particularly
in the month of September 2013, the North Polar Region might be ice-free.
But contrary to the predictions of those “Global
Warming” scientists, the Arctic Region was not only not sea ice-free, but that
ice had unusually formed in an area of around 5,33,000 square miles amounting
to 29 percent of additional ice formation in the Arctic Region, and this was
captured in the satellite images of NASA.
It proves that the unusual excessive formation of ice in the Arctic Region is
the sole reason for the heavy snowfall in America.
There is also a possibility that this incident would
recur if excessive ice is again formed in the Arctic Region. So, America,
Canada and European nations may be alerted on these grounds.
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